| Indicator
|
Explanation
|
| Comparable Prices
| refer to prices that are used to remove
the factors of price change in calculating economic
aggregates, so as to facilitate comparison of aggregates
over time. Two methods are used for calculating economic
aggregates at comparable prices: 1. Multiplying the
output of products by their constant prices of certain
year; 2. Deflation of data at current prices by relevant
price index.
|
| Constant Price
| refers to the average price of a given
product in certain year, which is used for comparison
of output value over time. As the output value at constant
prices removes the factor of price changes, it reflects
the trend of production development over time. Since
1949, with the changes in general price level, National
Bureau of Statistics has issued nationally unified constant
prices five times: the 1952 constant prices for 1949-1957;
the 1957 constant prices for 1957-1971; the 1970 constant
prices for 1971-1981; the 1980 constant prices for 1981-1990;
and the 1990 constant prices have been used since 1991.
|
| Average Annual Growth Rate
|
Two methods for calculating average annual growth
rate are applied in China, one is often called "level
approach", or the method of calculating geometric
average, which is derived by comparing the level of
the last year of the interval with that of the beginning
year; the other is called "accumulative approach"
or algebraic average or equation method, which is
derived by the summation of the actual figure of each
year in the interval divided by the figure in the
base year.
Usually the results calculated by the two methods
are fairly close, but they differed sharply when uneven
economic development occurred with striking fluctuations
in growth.
The average annual growth rates listed in this statistical
yearbook are calculated by "level approach"
except for the growth rate of investment in fixed
assets. The base years are not listed when the years
are listed for average annual growth rates. For instance,
the average annual growth rate of 43 years since 1949
is listed as average annual growth rate of 1950-1992
without listing the base year 1949. And the analogy
of this is also the same for the rest of the years.
|
| Registration Status of Enterprises
| Enterprises are classified into 3 categories,
namely domestic-funded enterprises, enterprises with
investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and enterprises
with foreign investment, in the light of the registration
status of an enterprise in industrial and commercial
administration agencies. Domestic-funded enterprises
include state-owned enterprises, collective-owned enterprises,
cooperative enterprises, joint ownership enterprises,
limited liability corporations, share-holding corporations
Ltd., private enterprises and other enterprises. Included
in the enterprises with investment from Hong Kong, Macau
and Taiwan and enterprises with foreign investment are
joint-venture enterprises, cooperative enterprises,
sole investment enterprises and share-holding corporations
Ltd. For government agencies, institutions and social
organizations which are not requested to be registered
in industrial and commercial administration agencies,
they are classified mainly by their sources of funds
and way of management.
|
| State-owned Enterprises
| refer to non-corporation economic units
where the entire assets are owned by the state and which
have registered in accordance with the Regulation of
the People's Republic of China on the Management of
Registration of Corporate Enterprises. Excluded from
this category are sole state-funded corporations in
the limited liability corporations.
|
| Collective-owned Enterprises
| refer to economic units where the assets
are owned collectively and which have registered in
accordance with the Regulation of the People's Republic
of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate
Enterprises.
|
| Cooperative Enterprises
| refer to a form of collective economic
units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from
employees as their shares, with certain proportion of
capital from the outside, where production is organized
on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting
for profits and losses, joint work, democratic management,
and a distribution system that integrates remuneration
according to work with dividend according to capital
share.
|
| Joint Ownership Enterprises
| refer to economic units established by
two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions
of the same or different ownership, through joint investment
on the basis of equality, voluntary participation and
mutual benefits. They include state joint ownership
enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises,
joint state-collective enterprises, other joint ownership
enterprises.
|
| Limited Liability Corporations
| refer to economic units established with
investment from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance
with the Regulation of the People's Republic of China
on the Management of Registration of Corporations, each
investor bearing limited liability to the corporation
depending on its share of investment, and the corporation
bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of its
total assets. Limited liability corporations include
exclusive state-funded limited liability corporations
and other limited liability corporations.
|
| Share-holding Corporations Ltd.
| refer to economic units registered in
accordance with the Regulation of the People's Republic
of China on the Management of Registration of Corporations,
with total registered capitals divided into equal shares
and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor bears
limited liability to the corporation depending on the
holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability
to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.
|
| Private Enterprises
| refer to profit-making economic units
invested and established by natural persons, or controlled
by natural persons using employed labour. Included in
this category are private limited liability corporations,
private share-holding corporations Ltd., private partnership
enterprises and private-funded enterprises registered
in accordance with the Corporation Law, Partnership
Enterprises Law and Interim Regulations on Private Enterprises.
|
| Other Domestic-funded Enterprises
| refer to domestic-funded economic units
other than those mentioned above.
|
| Cooperative Enterprises
| with Funds from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
established by investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance
with the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign
Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws, where
the investment or provision of facilities, and the share
of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative
contract.
|
| Enterprises with Sole (exclusive) Investment
from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
| refer to enterprises established in the
mainland of China with exclusive investment from investors
from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan in accordance with
the Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign-Funded
Enterprises and other relevant laws.
|
| Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Investment
from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
| refer to share-holding corporations Ltd.
established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state
regulations, where the share of investment from Hong
Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the
total registered capital of the corporation. In case
the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan
is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the
enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding
corporation Ltd.
|
| Joint-venture Enterprises with Foreign Investment
| refer to enterprises jointly established
by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises
in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law
of the People's Republic of China on Sino-foreign Joint
Venture Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the
share of investment, profits and risks is stipulated
in the contract.
|
| Cooperation Enterprises with Foreign Investment
| refer to enterprises jointly established
by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises
in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law
of the People's Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative
Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment
or provision of facilities, and the share of profits
and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.
|
| Enterprises with Sole (exclusive)
Foreign Investment
| refer to enterprises established
in the mainland of China with exclusive investment from
foreign investors in accordance with the Law of the
People's Republic of China on Foreign-Funded Enterprises
and other relevant laws.
|
| Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Foreign
Investment
| refer to share-holding corporations Ltd.
established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign
Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state
regulations, where the share of investment from foreign
investors exceeds 25% of the total registered capital
of the corporation. In case the share of foreign investment
is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the
enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding
corporation Ltd.
|
| Government Agencies, Institutions and Social
Organizations
| are classified into following categories
by source of funds and way of management taking reference
of the registration status of enterprises:
(1) Government agencies: include state and party agencies,
classified in principle as "state-owned".
There are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperatives
which are classified as "collective-owned".
(2) Institutions: include institutions of various types
established with the approval by organization and staffing
departments of the government, but exclude institutions
where enterprise management system is introduced. Institutions
are further classified as follows:
(a) Institutions whose main budget is listed in the
government budget appropriations or extra-budget funds,
or allocated from the budget of their competent government
agencies. Such institutions are classified as "state-owned".
(b) Institutions whose budget mainly comes from collective
units. Such institutions are classified as "collective-owned".
(c) Institutions other than those mentioned above whose
source of budget is not clear. Such institutions are
classified by way of management.
(3) Social organizations: include social organizations
established with the approval from the Ministry of Civil
Affairs, and organizations that are not covered by social
organization management regulations such as trade unions,
womens federations etc.. Social organizations are further
classified as follows:
(a) Social organizations that are not covered by social
organization management regulations of the Ministry
of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, women's federations,
communist youth leagues, youth associations, industrial
and commerce associations, scientists associations,
overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundations and
fund management organizations established with funds
from the state, and social organizations whose funds
mainly come from the budget of their competent government
agencies. Such institutions are classified as "state-owned".
(b) Social organizations whose budget mainly comes from
collective units. Such institutions are classified as
"collective-owned".
(c) Social organizations established by individual or
a group of citizens, which are classified as "private".
(d) Social organizations other than those mentioned
above whose source of budget is not clear. Such organizations
are classified by way of management.
|
